An MIT team has developed a way of making soft materials, using a 3-D printer, with surface textures that can then be modified at will to be perfectly smooth, or ridged or bumpy, or even to have complex patterns that could be used to guide fluids.

The process, developed using detailed computer simulations, involves a material that is composed of two different polymers with different degrees of stiffness: More rigid particles are embedded within a matrix of a more flexible polymer. When squeezed, the material's surface changes from smooth to a pattern determined by the spacing and shapes of the implanted harder particles; when released, it reverts back to the original form.

The findings, which the researchers say could lead to a new class of materials with dynamically controllable and reversible surface properties, are reported in a paper in the journal Advanced Functional Materials co-authored by MIT graduate student Mark Guttag and Mary Boyce, a former MIT professor of mechanical engineering who is now dean of engineering at Columbia University.

"Depending on the arrangement of the particles, using the same amount of compression, you can get different surface topographies, including ridges and bumps, along the surface," says Guttag, who is pursuing the research as part of his doctoral thesis in mechanical engineering.

The system can produce simple, repetitive patterns of bumps or creases, which could be useful for changing the aerodynamic resistance of an object, or its reflectivity. But by arranging the distribution of the hard particles, it can also be used to produce highly complex surface textures - for example, creating microfluidic channels to control the movement of liquids inside a chemical or biological detector, Guttag says.

For instance, such a device could have a smooth, tilted surface allowing fluids to flow evenly across its surface - but with the added ability, on demand, to create raised sections and depressions that would separate the flow of liquids.

Surface textures can be important in a variety of applications, including camouflage, making surfaces that repel or attract water, controlling the motion and turbulence of fluids, and limiting the buildup of organisms on surfaces such as ship hulls. There are many ways to produce patterning as a fixed, unvarying surface, but for some uses - including drag reduction and camouflage - changeable and nonuniform textures could have added benefit.

"There are no previous techniques that provide comparable flexibility for creating dynamically and locally tunable and reversible surface changes," Guttag and Boyce write in their paper.

Because the system is "all geometry driven," Guttag says - based on the shapes and spacing of materials with different degrees of flexibility - "it could be scaled to all different sizes, and the same principles should work."

While this research used physical pressure to control texture, the same design principles could be used to modify materials using other stimuli - such as through application of an electric charge, or by changing temperature or humidity, Guttag adds.

Using embedded particles that are elongated instead of round could also allow for the creation of surface textures that are asymmetrical. This could, for example, create surfaces that have high friction in one direction but are slippery in another, allowing a passive means of controlling how things move over that surface.

The initial development of the system was done using computer simulations, which were then validated by making 3-D-printed versions of several of the designs. The surface patterns were produced when the soft printed materials were compressed closely matched those seen in the simulations, Guttag says.