The text introduces new rules to hold handling and transport firms accountable for spills of the lentil-sized pellets, called nurdles, which are used in everything from car bumpers to salad bowls.
The proposal was approved without a vote after being backed by a wide majority in the parliament's environment committee earlier this week.
Made from fossil fuels, plastic pellets often spill into the environment, polluting beaches and oceans.
According to European Commission data, up to 180,000 tonnes of pellets per year -- the equivalent of 20 truckloads each day -- are dispersed into nature across the 27-nation bloc due to mishandling.
Transport companies will have to act quickly to report and contain pellet leaks and handle the clean-up if necessary. And they will have to provide an estimate, within 30 days, of the amount of microplastics spilled into the environment.
"These rules mean they can no longer say, 'It wasn't me," said the socialist lawmaker Cesar Luena, who shepherded the legislation through the parliament.
"We are holding them responsible -- it is up to them to alert the authorities."
Land freight companies will have two years to comply, with three years for maritime freight -- which faces specific new obligations despite a push from some EU countries for it to be excluded from the legislation.
The rules will require freight companies to ensuring packaging of sufficient quality, and to clearly label cargo as containing microplastics.
The rules will apply to all companies transporting more than five tonnes of microplastics per year within the EU -- whether or not the firms themselves are European.
And all firms involved in the manufacture, transport or transformation of pellets will have to carry out risk assessments to prevent spills -- and clean up if they occur.
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