Sitting at a plastic table outside her flatbread sandwich shop in the Lebanese capital, Nadime Yazbeck says she wishes the government would deal with the stench from the local trash dump.

"They really need to find a solution to these smells," said the 66-year-old Beirut resident, in a spotless white t-shirt and hair net.

Four years after a garbage crisis sparked political protests in Lebanon, the stench of trash is back and government plans to quell the smell have only triggered demands for better waste management.

In Yazbeck's neighbourhood of Bourj Hammoud, a seaside landfill that reopened to solve the 2015 crisis will be full by the end of the summer.

Near the airport, another overwhelmed landfill is to start refusing waste from neighbouring areas in protest.

On and off for more than a year, the acrid smell of decomposing refuse has wafted into homes and businesses in the capital.

Even kilometres away from landfills, residents have raced to close windows to keep out the stink.

Visitors to the tiny Mediterranean nation have been welcomed off flights by unpleasant odours drifting over the airport.

In June, Lebanon's environment ministry said it had asked an expert to look into the matter and help neutralise the smells.

Lebanese-French agronomy engineer Aime Menassa determined causes of the stench to include household waste, "badly stabilised compost", and sewage.

His report unleashed a wave of sarcasm online over a perceived outsider stating the obvious.

"Isn't there a Lebanese who can smell it?" one person asked on Twitter.

- Odour suppression -

Beyond being unpleasant, the smells also present potential health hazards.

This winter, researchers at the American University of Beirut measured the rate of hydrogen sulphide, a smelly gas produced by landfills, in the air in Bourj Hammoud.

Michele Citton, a waste and water expert at AUB, said the levels of the gas -- which has been correlated with possible negative health effects -- were higher than expected.

A 2018 study in northern China found children living near a landfill were more likely to have deficient immunity and impaired lung function, the latter strongly related to hydrogen sulphide.

But odour suppression is not a sustainable solution, Citton said.

"What these smells are saying to the world and to the community in Beirut is basically that there is a deep need to find alternative methods to solid waste management in Lebanon."

Multi-confessional Lebanon has been rocked by political crises in recent years, especially since the 2011 outbreak of war in neighbouring Syria.

In 2015, a landfill closure caused trash to pile up in the streets, sparking protests against political leaders, including under the cry "You Stink".

The demonstrations have since died down, but mistrust in the ruling class -- that includes former warlords during the 1975-1990 civil conflict -- still runs high.

Menassa insists his offer to treat the smell is only meant to be a temporary solution.

Under his plan, a "biodegradable" solution would be sprayed onto the surface or spread through mist into the air at three sites across the capital, he said.

Transforming smelly gas into minerals, the solution would clean garbage trucks travelling in and out of two sorting stations, and lessen the stench from the composting site near Bourj Hammoud.

- Temporary solution? -

But "the idea is not to mist forever", he said, of the odour-tackling practice that needs to be maintained 24/7 to be effective.

"The solution is selective rubbish collection... to avoid having to have to bury these huge volumes in the final landfill."

Experts say half of Lebanon's waste is organic, and could be better composted if separated out from recyclables at the household level.

Environment Minister Fady Jreissati, who came into office in January, says only eight percent of Lebanon's rubbish is recycled.

His plan for the next two years includes trying to encourage better rubbish sorting, and building a new composting plant near the airport by next spring, he told July's edition of economic magazine Le Commerce du Levant.

He also said a "credible option" would be to widen the Bourj Hammoud landfill -- but that would mean destroying an adjacent fishing port.

Activists, meanwhile, have protested plans to open incinerators in Beirut, which they fear will be badly managed and further pollute the atmosphere.

And as grey smog clings to the skyline, others have questioned the ministry halting air quality monitors due to budget cuts.

Claude Jabre, a You Stink activist who lives in Bourj Hammoud, denounced what he saw as vested business interests and a lack of political will to find alternative solutions.

"We have the energy and the expertise to create what's called a circular economy" aimed at minimising waste, he said.

"Why can't we make profit in a way that doesn't damage the environment?"

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