Setting sail for safer space

Setting sail for safer space
by Staff Writers
Paris (ESA) Feb 03, 2023

The camera view from a satellite after it unfurled a sail like a ship of old - although its purpose was not to start a journey but only hasten its fall back to Earth.

The Drag Augmentation Deorbiting System Nano (ADEO-N) - a 3.6-sq-m aluminium-coated polyamide membrane attached to four metallic booms - deployed from a 10 cm box aboard the ION Satellite Carrier. Launched in 2021, this is a satellite platform flown by D-ORBIT in Italy, used to deliver miniature 'CubeSats' into their individual orbits.

By increasing the overall area of the satellite, the ADEO-N sail will increase the gradual air drag acting upon it from atoms at the top of the atmosphere, and speed up its atmospheric reentry accordingly.

The technology was developed by HPS in Germany through an ESA General Support Technology Programme project, developing and testing promising space innovations. Previous versions have already been deployed but this in-flight test represented the final technological proof-of-concept for the ADEO family.

ESA structural engineer Tiziana Cardone oversaw the project: "The ADEO-N sail will ensure that the satellite will reenter in around one year and three months, while otherwise it would have reentered in four to five years."

The aim is to contribute to ESA's Zero Debris Initiative - as ESA Director General Josef Aschbacher has remarked: "If you bring a spacecraft to orbit you have to remove it."

Show Me Your Wings: Successful In-flight Demonstration of the ADEO Braking Sail
The Drag Augmentation Deorbiting System (ADEO) breaking sail was successfully deployed from the ION satellite carrier in late December 2022. A sail area of 3.6 square meters was autonomous deployed from an impressively small packing size of 10 x 10 x 10 cm to demonstrate deorbiting satellite technology.

ADEO's deployment was captured in front of the 'eyes' of the integrated camera onboard the ION satellite carrier, as ADEO unfurled showing its "wings', and immediately initiated the satellite's descent - known as deorbiting. The image shows one edge of the sail - a large aluminium-coated polyamide membrane attached to four carbon-fibre reinforced booms, following its jack-in-a-box deployment.

The sail provides a passive method of deorbiting by increasing the atmospheric surface drag effect and causing an accelerated decay in the satellite's orbital altitude. The satellite will eventually burn-up in the atmosphere, providing a quicker residue-free method of disposal. ADEO gently pushes the ION satellite carrier, as if it's on "angel wings", out of its orbit and towards Earth's atmosphere.

Adeptly named "Show Me Your Wings" the ADEO-mission is the final in-flight qualification test needed to provide the technological proof-of-concept. A smaller 2.5 square meter sail was fitted onto the upper stage of the Electron launch vehicle "Its Business Time" mission in 2018 and several parabolic flights were performed from 2019 to 2022.

The ADEO test model is the smallest variation of the ADEO product family, designed especially for the de-orbit of small satellites in the 1-100 kg class range. The approach is however scalable for medium and large size satellites. Multiple units, on one satellite or an upper stage is also option, if the accommodation of a larger sail is unfeasible. Tailor-made solutions depend on the initial orbit, satellite mass and required de-orbiting time. The largest variation can be as big as 100 square meters and take up to 45 mins to deploy. The smallest sail is just 3.5 square meters and deploy in just 0.8 seconds!

ADEO technology provides a safe, robust and sustainable method of passively de-orbiting small satellites. Passive methods of deorbiting are advantageous in eliminating the need for active steering, with no additional GNC or propulsion subsystem. The system can be designed for passive attitude stabilisation and the approach is applicable for non-operational and tumbling satellites

Reliably removing satellites as they approach their system end-of-life, or satellites that have become unresponsive, is a key aspect in ESA's ESA's Zero Debris Initiative. Valuable orbits become available for use and the probability of unwanted collision decreases - which would only create the next generation of space debris.

The activity, funded by GSTP, was implemented by HPS GmbH (Germany) and its subsidiary in Romania.