A new study by McGill University astronomers has found that the temperature on the nightsides of different hot Jupiters - planets that are similar size in to Jupiter, but orbit other stars - is surprisingly uniform, suggesting the dark sides of these massive gaseous planets have clouds made of minerals and rocks.

Using data from the Spitzer Space and the Hubble Space telescopes, the researchers from the McGill Space Institute found that the nightside temperature of 12 hot Jupiters they studied was about 800C.

Unlike our familiar planet Jupiter, so-called hot Jupiters circle very close to their host star - so close that it typically takes fewer than three days to complete an orbit. As a result, hot Jupiters have daysides that permanently face their host stars and nightsides that always face the darkness of space, similarly to how the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth.

The tight orbit also means these planets receive more light from their star, which is what makes them extremely hot on the dayside. But scientists had previously measured significant amounts of heat on the nightside of hot Jupiters, as well, suggesting some kind of energy transfer from one side to the other.

"Atmospheric circulation models predicted that the nightside temperatures should vary much more than they do," said Dylan Keating, a Physics PhD student under the supervision of McGill professor Nicolas Cowan. "This is surprising because the planets we studied all receive different amounts of irradiation from their host stars and the dayside temperatures among them varies by almost 1700C."

Keating, the first author of a new Nature Astronomy study describing the findings, said the nightside temperatures are probably the result of condensation of vaporized rock in these very hot atmospheres.

"The uniformity of the nightside temperatures suggests that clouds on this side of the planets are likely similar to one another in composition. Our analysis suggests that these clouds are likely made of minerals such as manganese sulfide or silicates: in other words, rocks," Keating explained.

According to Cowan, because the basic physics of cloud formation are universal, the study of the nightside clouds on hot Jupiters could give insight into cloud formation elsewhere in the Universe, including on Earth.

Keating said that future space telescope missions - such as the James Webb Space Telescope and the European Space Agency's ARIEL mission - could be used to further characterize the dominant cloud composition on hot Jupiter nightsides, as well as to improve models of atmospheric circulation and cloud formation of these planets.

"Observing hot Jupiters at both shorter and longer wavelengths will help us determine what types of clouds are on the nightsides of these planets," Keating explained.

Research Report: "Uniformly hot nightside temperatures on short-period gas giants"

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