British police charged the pair on Monday, on the same day investigators in Germany arrested three German nationals suspected of sharing information on maritime technology with Beijing.
Appearing in a central London court, Christopher Cash, 29, of east London, and Christopher Berry, 32, of Oxfordshire, central England, were not required to enter any pleas.
Cash previously worked at the UK parliament as a researcher.
He and Berry are both accused of an offence under Britain's counter-espionage Official Secrets Act.
At a brief hearing, magistrate Paul Goldspring ruled both men could be released on conditional bail, with Cash ordered not to contact UK lawmakers or to enter the parliamentary estate.
The pair, who were told not to leave the UK or contact each other, spoke only to confirm their names and addresses.
They must register at a police station and notify officers of any internet-enabled devices they intend to use.
Both defendants will next appear at the Central Criminal Court at the Old Bailey in London on May 10 for a preliminary hearing.
They are accused of having given "articles, notes, documents or information" to a foreign state.
The alleged offences are said to have taken place between 2021 and last year.
- Alleged contacts with MPs -
Responding to their arrests and the detentions in Germany, Beijing said on Tuesday that the events were designed to "smear and suppress" China.
London's Metropolitan Police said in September they had arrested a man in his twenties on spying allegations.
The Sunday Times reported that he was a parliamentary researcher.
The newspaper named him as Cash and said he had had contacts with MPs from the ruling Conservative party.
They included security minister Tom Tugendhat and Alicia Kearns, the chairwoman of the influential House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee.
Tugendhat was reported to have only had limited contact with the suspect, and none when he was security minister.
In a statement issued by Cash's lawyers in September, the ex-researcher protested his innocence.
"It is vital that it is known that I am completely innocent," he was quoted as saying.
"I have spent my career to date trying to educate others about the challenge and threats presented by the Chinese Communist Party.
"To do what has been claimed against me in extravagant news reporting would be against everything I stand for."
China calls Germany spy claims 'pure fabrication'
Beijing (AFP) April 26, 2024 -
Beijing on Friday said claims that Chinese spies were operating in Germany following four arrests were "pure fabrication".
"The so-called Chinese spy case is pure fabrication," foreign ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin said, adding: "China has already made stern representations to the German side over Germany's baseless accusations."
On Thursday Germany's ambassador to Beijing said she had been summoned by Chinese authorities over the arrests of four Germans on suspicion of spying for China.
Three people arrested in western Germany on Monday faced accusations of passing information on maritime technology to China.
And on Tuesday, an assistant to a German member of the European Parliament was detained on the suspicion he was sharing details of proceedings in the assembly with Beijing and spying on Chinese opposition figures in Germany.
"China resolutely opposes any smearing and slander against China," Wang said.
He added that Beijing "requests that Germany be vigilant against attempts to harm bilateral relations" and "stop the anti-China political farce".
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